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In mathematics, the logarithmic mean is a function of two non-negative numbers which is equal to their difference divided by the logarithm of their quotient. This calculation is applicable in engineering problems involving heat and mass transfer.

• Definition

• Inequalities

• Derivation

• Mean value theorem of differential calculus

• Integration

• Generalization

• Mean value theorem of differential calculus

• Integral

• Connection to other means

• See also

• References

The logarithmic mean is defined by

L ( x , y ) = { x , if x = y , x − − y ln ⁡ ⁡ x − − ln ⁡ ⁡ y , otherwise , {\displaystyle L(x,y)=\left\{{\begin{array}{l l}x,&{\text{if }}x=y,\\{\dfrac {x-y}{\ln x-\ln y}},&{\text{otherwise}},\end{array}}\right.}

for x , y ∈ ∈ R {\displaystyle x,y\in \mathbb {R} } .

The logarithmic mean of two numbers is smaller than the arithmetic mean and the generalized mean with exponent greater than 1. However, it is larger than the geometric mean and the harmonic mean, respectively. The inequalities are strict unless both numbers are equal.cite-ref-1[1]cite-ref-2[2]cite-ref-3[3]cite-ref-4[4] More precisely, for p , x , y ∈ ∈ R {\displaystyle p,x,y\in \mathbb {R} } with x ≠ ≠ y {\displaystyle x\neq y} and p > 1 {\displaystyle p>1} , we have 2 x y x + y ≤ ≤ x y ≤ ≤ x − − y ln ⁡ ⁡ x − − ln ⁡ ⁡ y ≤ ≤ x + y 2 ≤ ≤ ( x p + y p 2 ) 1 / p , {\displaystyle {\frac {2xy}{x+y}}\leq {\sqrt {xy}}\leq {\frac {x-y}{\ln x-\ln y}}\leq {\frac {x+y}{2}}\leq \left({\frac {x^{p}+y^{p}}{2}}\right)^{1/p},} where the expressions in the chain of inequalities are, in order: the harmonic mean, the geometric mean, the logarithmic mean, the arithmetic mean, and the generalized arithmetic mean with exponent p {\displaystyle p} .

From the mean value theorem, there exists a value ξ in the interval between x and y where the derivative f ′ equals the slope of the secant line:

∃ ∃ ξ ξ ∈ ∈ ( x , y ) : f ′ ( ξ ξ ) = f ( x ) − − f ( y ) x − − y {\displaystyle \exists \xi \in (x,y):\ f'(\xi )={\frac {f(x)-f(y)}{x-y}}}

The logarithmic mean is obtained as the value of ξ by substituting ln for f and similarly for its corresponding derivative:

1 ξ ξ = ln ⁡ ⁡ x − − ln ⁡ ⁡ y x − − y {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\xi }}={\frac {\ln x-\ln y}{x-y}}}

and solving for ξ:

ξ ξ = x − − y ln ⁡ ⁡ x − − ln ⁡ ⁡ y {\displaystyle \xi ={\frac {x-y}{\ln x-\ln y}}}

The logarithmic mean is also given by the integral L ( x , y ) = ∫ ∫ 0 1 x 1 − − t y t d t . {\displaystyle L(x,y)=\int _{0}^{1}x^{1-t}y^{t}\,\mathrm {d} t.}

This interpretation allows the derivation of some properties of the logarithmic mean. Since the exponential function is monotonic, the integral over an interval of length 1 is bounded by x and y.

Two other useful integral representations are 1 L ( x , y ) = ∫ ∫ 0 1 d t t x + ( 1 − − t ) y {\displaystyle {1 \over L(x,y)}=\int _{0}^{1}{\operatorname {d} \!t \over tx+(1-t)y}} and 1 L ( x , y ) = ∫ ∫ 0 ∞ ∞ d t ( t + x ) ( t + y ) . {\displaystyle {1 \over L(x,y)}=\int _{0}^{\infty }{\operatorname {d} \!t \over (t+x)\,(t+y)}.}

One can generalize the mean to n + 1 variables by considering the mean value theorem for divided differences for the n-th derivative of the logarithm.

We obtain

L MV ( x 0 , … … , x n ) = ( − − 1 ) n + 1 n ln ⁡ ⁡ ( [ x 0 , … … , x n ] ) − − n {\displaystyle L_{\text{MV}}(x_{0},\,\dots ,\,x_{n})={\sqrt[{-n}]{(-1)^{n+1}n\ln \left(\left[x_{0},\,\dots ,\,x_{n}\right]\right)}}}

where ln ⁡ ⁡ ( [ x 0 , … … , x n ] ) {\displaystyle \ln \left(\left[x_{0},\,\dots ,\,x_{n}\right]\right)} denotes a divided difference of the logarithm.

For n = 2 this leads to

L MV ( x , y , z ) = ( x − − y ) ( y − − z ) ( z − − x ) 2 ( ( y − − z ) ln ⁡ ⁡ x + ( z − − x ) ln ⁡ ⁡ y + ( x − − y ) ln ⁡ ⁡ z ) . {\displaystyle L_{\text{MV}}(x,y,z)={\sqrt {\frac {(x-y)(y-z)(z-x)}{2{\bigl (}(y-z)\ln x+(z-x)\ln y+(x-y)\ln z{\bigr )}}}}.}

The integral interpretation can also be generalized to more variables, but it leads to a different result. Given the simplex S {\textstyle S} with S = { ( α α 0 , … … , α α n ) : ( α α 0 + ⋯ ⋯ + α α n = 1 ) ∧ ∧ ( α α 0 ≥ ≥ 0 ) ∧ ∧ ⋯ ⋯ ∧ ∧ ( α α n ≥ ≥ 0 ) } {\displaystyle S=\{\left(\alpha _{0},\,\dots ,\,\alpha _{n}\right):\left(\alpha _{0}+\dots +\alpha _{n}=1\right)\land \left(\alpha _{0}\geq 0\right)\land \dots \land \left(\alpha _{n}\geq 0\right)\}} and an appropriate measure d α α {\textstyle \mathrm {d} \alpha } which assigns the simplex a volume of 1, we obtain

L I ( x 0 , … … , x n ) = ∫ ∫ S x 0 α α 0 ⋅ ⋅ ⋯ ⋯ ⋅ ⋅ x n α α n d α α {\displaystyle L_{\text{I}}\left(x_{0},\,\dots ,\,x_{n}\right)=\int _{S}x_{0}^{\alpha _{0}}\cdot \,\cdots \,\cdot x_{n}^{\alpha _{n}}\ \mathrm {d} \alpha }

This can be simplified using divided differences of the exponential function to

L I ( x 0 , … … , x n ) = n ! exp ⁡ ⁡ [ ln ⁡ ⁡ ( x 0 ) , … … , ln ⁡ ⁡ ( x n ) ] {\displaystyle L_{\text{I}}\left(x_{0},\,\dots ,\,x_{n}\right)=n!\exp \left[\ln \left(x_{0}\right),\,\dots ,\,\ln \left(x_{n}\right)\right]} .

Example n = 2:

L I ( x , y , z ) = − − 2 x ( ln ⁡ ⁡ y − − ln ⁡ ⁡ z ) + y ( ln ⁡ ⁡ z − − ln ⁡ ⁡ x ) + z ( ln ⁡ ⁡ x − − ln ⁡ ⁡ y ) ( ln ⁡ ⁡ x − − ln ⁡ ⁡ y ) ( ln ⁡ ⁡ y − − ln ⁡ ⁡ z ) ( ln ⁡ ⁡ z − − ln ⁡ ⁡ x ) . {\displaystyle L_{\text{I}}(x,y,z)=-2{\frac {x(\ln y-\ln z)+y(\ln z-\ln x)+z(\ln x-\ln y)}{(\ln x-\ln y)(\ln y-\ln z)(\ln z-\ln x)}}.}

• Arithmetic mean: L ( x 2 , y 2 ) L ( x , y ) = x + y 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {L\left(x^{2},y^{2}\right)}{L(x,y)}}={\frac {x+y}{2}}}

• Geometric mean: L ( x , y ) L ( 1 x , 1 y ) = x y {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\frac {L\left(x,y\right)}{L\left({\frac {1}{x}},{\frac {1}{y}}\right)}}}={\sqrt {xy}}}

• Harmonic mean: L ( 1 x , 1 y ) L ( 1 x 2 , 1 y 2 ) = 2 1 x + 1 y {\displaystyle {\frac {L\left({\frac {1}{x}},{\frac {1}{y}}\right)}{L\left({\frac {1}{x^{2}}},{\frac {1}{y^{2}}}\right)}}={\frac {2}{{\frac {1}{x}}+{\frac {1}{y}}}}}

• A different mean which is related to logarithms is the geometric mean.

• The logarithmic mean is a special case of the Stolarsky mean.

• Logarithmic mean temperature difference

• Log semiring

cite-note-11. ↑ citerefb-c-carlson1966B. C. Carlson (1966). "Some inequalities for hypergeometric functions". Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 17: 32–39. doi:10.1090/s0002-9939-1966-0188497-6.

cite-note-22. ↑ citerefb-ostleh-l-terwilliger1957B. Ostle & H. L. Terwilliger (1957). "A comparison of two means". Proc. Montana Acad. Sci. 17: 69–70.

cite-note-33. ↑ citereftung-po-lin1974Tung-Po Lin (1974). "The Power Mean and the Logarithmic Mean". The American Mathematical Monthly. 81 (8): 879–883. doi:10.1080/00029890.1974.11993684.

cite-note-44. ↑ citereffrank-burk1987Frank Burk (1987). "The Geometric, Logarithmic, and Arithmetic Mean Inequality". The American Mathematical Monthly. 94 (6): 527–528. doi:10.2307/2322844. JSTOR 2322844.

• Oilfield Glossary: Term 'logarithmic mean'

• reference-mathworld-arithmetic-logarithmic-geometric-mean-inequalityciterefweissteinWeisstein, Eric W. "Arithmetic-Logarithmic-Geometric-Mean Inequality". MathWorld.

• citerefstolarsky1975Stolarsky, Kenneth B. (1975). "Generalizations of the Logarithmic Mean". Mathematics Magazine. 48 (2): 87–92. doi:10.2307/2689825. ISSN 0025-570X. JSTOR 2689825.